PROCEDURE
Social function Procedure: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions
or directions.
Text organization:
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features :
Text organization:
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features :
- Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)
- Use of action verbs (turn, put)
- Use of connectives(first, then, finally)
RECOUNT
Social function recount: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of
events.
Generic Structure of Recount:
Generic Structure of Recount:
- Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)
- Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
- Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)
Language features Recount:
- Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)
- Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)
- Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)
- Use of adverbial phrases
- Use of adjectives
NARRATIVE
Social function narrative: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in
different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the
climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.
Generic Structure Narrative:
Generic Structure Narrative:
- Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
- Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
- Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)
Language features Narrative:
- Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
- Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)
- Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)
- Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)
- Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)
DESCRIPTION
Social Function descriptive: To describe a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure descriptive:
Generic Structure descriptive:
- Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)
- Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)
Language features descriptive:
- Focus on specific participants
- Use of attributive and identifying processes
- Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups.
- Use of the Simple Present Tense
NEWS ITEM
Social function news item: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are
considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure news item:
Generic structure news item:
- News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)
- Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
- Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event)
Language features news item:
- Information on the use of head lines.
- Use of action verbs( hit, attack)
- Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)
- Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)
- Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)
REPORT
Social function report: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals,
plants). The things must be a representative of their class.
Text organization report:
Text organization report:
- General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under discussion is.)
- Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities, habits/behaviour).
Language features report:
- Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
- Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
- Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
- Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
- Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)
ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Social function analytical exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that
something in the case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic Structure analytical exposition:
Generic Structure analytical exposition:
- Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position)
- Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
- Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)
Language features analytical exposition:
- Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.
- Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably
- Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.
- Usually present tense
- Compound and complex sentences
SPOOF
Social function spoof: To tell an event with a humorous twist.
Generic structure spoof text:
Generic structure spoof text:
- Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)
- Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
- Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)
Language features spoof:
- Use of connectives (first, then, finally)
- Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
- Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)
HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Social function hortatory exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that
something should or should not be the case.
Generic structure hortatory exposition:
Generic structure hortatory exposition:
- Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)
- Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
- Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)
Language features hortatory exposition:
- Emotive words: alarmed, worried
- Words that qualify statements: usual probably
- Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
- Usually present tense
- Compound and complex sentences
- Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must
EXPLANATION
Social function explanation: To explain the process involved in the formation or
working of natural or socio cultural phenomena
Generic structure explanation:
Generic structure explanation:
- A general statement to position the reader
- A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs
- Closing
Language features explanation:
- Focus on generic, non-human participants.
- Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language.
DISCUSSION
Social function discussion: To present information and opinions about more than
one side of an issue (“for” points “against” points)
Generic structure discussion:
Generic structure discussion:
- Opening statement presenting the issue
- Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)
- Concluding recommendation
Language features discussion:
- Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.
- Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.
- Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.
- Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.
- Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.
- Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.
- Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.
- Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.
REVIEW
Social function review: To critique an art work or event for a public audience
Generic structure review:
Generic structure review:
- Orientation ( background information on the text)
- Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one.
- Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).
- Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.
Language features review:
- Focus on specific participants
- Use of adjectives
- Use of long and complex clauses
- Use of metaphor
- Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.